After some research it was determined that the average person in The Netherlands travels about 33 km or about 20.5 miles per day in a personal car. The cars driven in The Netherlands have around a 40 mpg average. So the contribution to the red stack is determined by:
(0.51 gallons/day)(36.6 kW-h/gallon) = 18.8 kWh/day
Jet Flights
Domestic flights have proven to be unprofitable for the airlines in the past due to the an abundance of rail and road. According to travel information from Wikitravel, no domestic flights exist. The only flights in the Netherlands are incoming and outgoing International flights. Of these, only a portion are citizens of the The Netherlands. The exact number of citizens making international flights every year is difficult to determine. For an estimate:
(16,500,000 people)*(0.5) = 8,250,000 (number of individual international flights per year)
Using the 747 for the estimate and following the lead of McKay, the approximate energy per person flying is 33 kWh.
The contribution of Jet Flights is then:
(8,250,000 people)*(33 kWh/person) = 272,250,000 kWh
Dividing by the total population:
272,250,000/16,500,000 = 16.5 kWh/day per person
Heating, Cooling
The average temperature for The Netherlands is found to be 11 degrees C. There is little or no need for air conditioning throughout the year. The heating contribution can be estimated as the mass flow rate of the air exchanged in the house multiplied by the specific heat and temperature change of the air. The average volume of air exchanged per day can be estimated as:
(Volume of the house)*(Air exchange factor)*24 hours= volume exchanged per day
A reasonable estimate for the air exchange factor is between 15% and 35% of the household volume an hour. Selecting from the mid range, 30% will be used. The average house is 300 sq. m and between two and three meters tall. The volume exchanged per day can be estimated as:
(300 sq m)*(3 m)*(0.30)*24 hours = 6480 cubic meters/day
Calculating the energy required to raise the temperature of the air from 11 degree C to 25 degrees C:
(6480 cubic meters/day)*(1.2 kg/ meter cubic)*(1 kJ/kg*C)*(25 - 11 degrees C) = 108864 kJ/day
(108864 kJ/day)*(1 kWh/3,600 kJ) = 30.24 kWh/day
To calculate the energy per person, divide by the average household population:
(30.24 kWh/house*day)/(3.2 people per household) = 9.45 kWh/day
Lights
McKay's estimates of the energy consumed per household for lights and gadgets will be applied to the Netherlands estimate as the exact numbers would be very difficult to find and would likely not be accurate.
2.3 people per household
1.3 kWh/d per person for office and shared lighting(from McKay)
Totoal Energy consumption on lighting per day per person
5.5kWh/d / 2.3 people per household + 1.3 kWh/d per person
= 3.69 kWh/day
Gadgets
McKay made an educated guess on average energy consumed by gadgets and we will apply the same number.
= 5 kWh/day
Food, Farming, Fertilizer
From http://www.bordbia.ie/ it is found that the Netherlands consumes yearly per captia
41.8kg of pork
23.1kg of poultry
17.5kg beef
Total consumption of 82.4kg
According to McKay we can estimate 65kg of meet requires 3kWh/d to feed before consumption. Making the assumption that we can eat 2/3 of the animal
82.4kg * 3/2 * 3kWh/d/65kg = 5.7kWh/d
Taken straight from McKay
Eggs: 1kWh/d
Milk, cheese: 1.5kWh/d
Minimum energy required of one person
3kh/d
McKay uses Europe's fertilizer use of about 2kWh per day per person and 0.9kWh per day per person for farming.
Total food, farming, and fertilizer
5.7kWh/d+1kWh/d+1.5kWh/d+3kWh/d+2kWh/d+0.9kWh/d=14.1kWh/d
Stuff
Stuff is described by McKay as something you purchase, usually in a package, use a few times and throw it away weather it be in a week or 2 years. This section will be broken up into multiple parts that are in our everyday use.
Bottling
McKay uses an aluminum pop can as an example. It is said that an aluminum pop can requires 0.6kWh to make. A plastic 500ml bottle requires 0.7kWh to make. Netherlands pop consumption is almost the same as the UK so McKays number of 5 drinks or 3kWh/d per person is reasonable.
Packaging
McKay states that the average brit throws away 400g of packaging per day. Based on the fact that the UK only recycles 17% and the Netherlands recycles 65% of there trash it is more realistic to say the average Netherlander throws away 208g. Assuming that the average embodied energy in packaging is10kWh/kg, the average energy used by a Netherlander on packaging is 2.08kWh/d per person.
Computers
Making a personal computer requires 1800kWh of energy. If you keep your computer for 2 years before you buy a new one it will consume 2.5kWh/d
Batteries
The energy consumption from manufacturinging to throwing away batteries will be very small so it will be neglected.
Newspapers, magazines, and junk mail
According to McKay a 56 page newspaper weighs about 200g. McKay also states that paper has an embodied energy of about 10kWh per kg. If we assume the average person gets a 56 page news paper every day then they use 2kWh/d
Bigger stuff
there are a few bigger objects that we should also consider, such as housing,cars, and road building. McKay has told us that if we replace each house every 100 years with the average household of 2.3 people then we spend approximately 1kWh/d.
Building an average car takes about 76000kWh. If we assume we purchase a new car every 15 years, then the average energy cost is 14kWh/d
It has been reported by in McKays book that building an Australian road costs 7600kWh per meter and if we include maintenance over 40 years it costs 35000kWh per meter. It is said by Wikipedia that there are 125000 km of paved roadways in the Netherlands. Assuming 35000kWh per meter per 40 years, roads cost the Netherlands 18kWh/d.
The total energy use in the Netherlands for "stuff" is 42.5kWh/d
Transporting Stuff
Transporting all the stuff that is consumed in The Netherlands requires a considerable amount of energy. To estimate how much energy is required, the total amount of energy used in each form of transport has been obtained through a 2008 European Transport Conference publication. The energy requirements per t km is taken from McKay. The energy value for rail transport is figured from an average fuel economy and energy per volume for the fuel.
Road: 84 billion t km @ 1 kWh/t km
Rail: 5 billion t km @ (10 kWh/liter)/(87 km ton/liter) = 0.11 kWh/t km
Waterway: 42 billion t km @ 0.015 kWh/t km
Shipping Containers: 432 billion t km @ 0.015 t km
To total up the transporting stuff energy:
(84)*(1) + (5)*(0.11) + (42)*(0.015) + (432)*(0.015 t km) = 91.7 x 10^9 kWh
To determine the energy per person:
(91.7 x 10^9 kWh)/(16,500,000 people) = 5555 kWh /person per year
To calculate the energy per day per person:
(5555 kWh/person year)/(365 days/year) = 15.21 kWh /day per person
The Red stack looks like this (same form as McKay);
Sources for this post: (14) , (15)
